Fluctuation-dissipation theorem
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The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is given by
- Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left. B \right.= \zeta k_BT}
where B represents random noise or a fluctuating force, is a dissipative or frictional force, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_B} is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.
References
- H. Nyquist "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors", Physical Review 32 pp. 110 - 113 (1928)
- Herbert B. Callen and Theodore A. Welton "Irreversibility and Generalized Noise", Physical Review 83 pp. 34 - 40 (1951)
- Herbert B. Callen and Richard F. Greene "On a Theorem of Irreversible Thermodynamics", Physical Review 86 pp. 702 - 710 (1952)
- Richard F. Greene and Herbert B. Callen "On a Theorem of Irreversible Thermodynamics. II ", Physical Review 88 pp. 1387 - 1391 (1952)