Normal matrices

A complex square matrix A is a normal matrix if

$A^{\dagger }A=AA^{\dagger },$

where $A^{\dagger }$ is the conjugate transpose of A. That is, a matrix is normal if it commutes with its conjugate transpose: $[A,A^{\dagger }]=0$.

Normal matrices are precisely those to which the spectral theorem applies: a matrix $A$ is normal if and only if it can be represented by a diagonal matrix $\Lambda$ and a unitary matrix $U$ by the formula

$A=U\Lambda U^{\dagger },$

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Lambda = \mathrm{diag} (\lambda_1, \lambda_2, \dots)}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U^\dagger U = U U^\dagger= I.}

The entries Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_i} of the diagonal matrix Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Lambda} are the eigenvalues of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A} , and the columns of $U$ are the eigenvectors of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A} . The matching eigenvalues in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Lambda} must be ordered as the eigenvectors are ordered as columns of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle U} .

References

• Normal matrix entry in Wikipedia