Goldstone modes

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Goldstone modes (also known as Nambu-Goldstone bosons)[1] [2] arise from Goldstone's conjecture; that if there is continuous symmetry transformation under which the Lagrangian is invariant, then either the vacuum state is also invariant under the transformation, or there must exist spinless particles of zero mass.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio "Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I", Physical Review 122 pp. 345-358 (1961)
  2. ↑ Jeffrey Goldstone, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg "Broken Symmetries", Physical Review 127 pp. 965-970 (1962)
Related reading
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