Temperature

_NOTOC_ The temperature of a system in classical thermodynamics is intimately related to the zeroth law of thermodynamics; two systems having to have the same temperature if they are to be in thermal equilibrium. By making use of the ideal gas law one can define an absolute temperature

$T={\frac {pV}{Nk_{B}}}$

having the SI units of Kelvin (named in honour of William Thomson).

${\frac {1}{T(E,V,N)}}=\left.{\frac {\partial S}{\partial E}}\right\vert _{V,N}$

Configurational temperature

• András Baranyai "On the configurational temperature of simple fluids", Journal of Chemical Physics 112 pp. 3964-3966 (2000)

Non-equilibrium temperature

• Alexander V. Popov and Rigoberto Hernandez "Ontology of temperature in nonequilibrium systems", Journal of Chemical Physics 126 244506 (2007)