Heaviside step distribution

The Heaviside step distribution is defined by (Abramowitz and Stegun Eq. 29.1.3, p. 1020):

$H(x)=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}0&x<0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&x=0\\1&x>0\end{array}}\right.$

Note that other definitions exist at $H(0)$, for example Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H(0)=1} . In the famous Mathematica computer package Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H(0)} is unevaluated.

Applications

• Fourier analysis

Differentiating the Heaviside distribution

At first glance things are hopeless:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{{\rm d}H(x)}{{\rm d}x}= 0, ~x \neq 0}

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{{\rm d}H(x)}{{\rm d}x}= \infty, ~x = 0}

however, lets define a less brutal jump in the form of a linear slope such that

$H_{\epsilon }(x-a)={\frac {1}{\epsilon }}\left(R(x-(a-{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))-R(x-(a+{\frac {\epsilon }{2}}))\right)$

in the limit Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon \rightarrow 0} this becomes the Heaviside function Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H(x-a)} . However, lets differentiate first:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}x} H_{\epsilon}(x-a)= \frac{1}{\epsilon}\left( H(x - (a-\frac{\epsilon}{2})) - H (x - (a+\frac{\epsilon}{2}))\right)}

in the limit this is the Dirac delta distribution. Thus

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm d}x} [H(x)]= \delta(x)} .

References

1. Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun "Handbook of Mathematical Functions" Dover Publications ninth printing.